The scientific and rational application of fertilizer is a requirement for high yield, stable yield and pollution-free. The general principle is administered meet the health standards of organic fertilizer-based, as far as possible not less Shi Shi synthetic fertilizers to maintain and increase soil fertility, improve soil structure and biological activity, growth and development to meet the hazel nutritional needs .
　　 ( 1 ) Principles of fertilizer selection and use
　　 1. The type of fertilizer that must be used must be selected. If these fertilizer types do not meet the production needs, the fertilizer can be used according to the following two principles under the premise of prohibiting the application of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer. First, the fertilizer must be used in combination with organic fertilizer. The ratio of organic nitrogen to inorganic nitrogen does not exceed 1 : 1 , and the proportion of 1000 kg of urea and 20 kg of urea is generally mastered . Second, chemical fertilizers can also be applied in combination with organic fertilizers and compound microbial fertilizers. The last top dressing must be carried out 30 days before harvest .
　　 2. Mainly use organic fertilizer ;
　　 (1) Advantages of organic fertilizer ; the superiority of organic fertilizer is not replaced by any kind of fertilizer, and it is especially important in fruit production. First, organic fertilizer is a “complete fertilizerâ€. Most of the nitrogen absorbed by crops, 1/2 to 1/5 of phosphorus, and most of the potassium are provided by the decomposition and mineralization of soil organic matter. Organic matter is also a source of all the trace elements needed for crops. Second, organic matter is the source of plant carbon nutrition. Soil microbial degradation of organic matter produced by carbon dioxide to meet the needs of plant growth. According to research, carbon dioxide, which is generally decomposed by organic matter, can increase plant yield by about 40% . The third is organic matter to the soil can have beneficial microbial activity, but something microbial activity in organic matter can be absorbed by crops can not break down, for the needs of crop growth. Fourth, the organic humus, is a good cement, which enables soil aggregate structure formed, to improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, soil moisture adjustment, nutrients, and air temperature, and thus can improve soil fertility. Therefore, it is appropriate to adopt the methods of returning straw to the field and returning the soil to the field, directly turning back the field and covering the field, and adjusting the carbon to nitrogen ratio with a small amount of chemical fertilizer to increase the organic matter content of the soil. The green manure is pressed during the full bloom period, and the depth of the tumbling is about 15 cm. The cover soil should be strict, and the back pressure should be pressed.
　　 (2) Harmless treatment of organic fertilizers ; in organic fertilizers, such as human and animal manure, often with various pathogens, viruses, parasite eggs and foul odors, some such as weeds often carry various pest infectious body and seeds. Thus, organic fertilizer for the production of pollution-free fruit, processed generally required, converting hazardous harmless.
　　 3. Promote the use of microbial fertilizers. Soil organic matter, as well as manure, human excrement, urine, straw and green manures administration, which is not a lot of nutrients before decomposition, absorption and utilization of the crops are not; through microbial decomposition to make it into soluble substances, in order to It is absorbed and utilized by crops. For example, Rhizobium can directly use nitrogen in the air to synthesize nitrogen fertilizer to provide nitrogen nutrition for plant growth. Phosphorous-containing phosphate bacteria can break down organic matter, phosphorus into soluble phosphate, for growing crops. Silicate bacteria can decompose potassium-rich minerals, making potassium soluble, and thus absorbed and utilized by crops. Thus, it can be artificially prepared seed culture bacteria taken excellent microbial fertilizer, applied to the ground to improve the soil fertility. At present, China has applied microbial fertilizers such as rhizobium, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus bacteria and potassium bacteria to the industry.
　　 4. Master the hygiene standards for soil and fertilizer. According to the soil fertility and soil condition, fertilization is purposefully carried out to achieve both the soil fertility and the nutrient requirements of the crops , so as not to cause nitrate pollution to crops and farmland. Fertilization at the place of origin should be based on the level of soil fertility and the characteristics of the fruit trees. High-fertility soils can be mainly based on biological fertilizers ; in general fertile soils, high-temperature composting should be used , and then biological fertilizers should be used as top dressings. Soil testing and formula fertilization should be promoted.
Fertilizers used for fruit production should, in principle, be used locally. For foreign farmyard fertilizers, it should be confirmed that they meet the requirements before they can be used. Commercial fertilizers and new fertilizers must pass the registration certification and production license of the relevant state departments, and the quality indicators should meet the requirements of relevant national standards.
　　 5. Use organic fertilizer as the base fertilizer. In the production of fruit trees, organic fertilizers are mainly used as base fertilizers, especially in the autumn. The decomposed biogas liquid, residue and human waste, urine can also be used as top dressing. However, it must be fully decomposed, and it is strictly forbidden to use unfertilized human feces and urine. Cake fertilizer should be used preferentially for fruit production, but not for unfermented cake fertilizer.
　　 6. Apply organic fertilizer together with chemical fertilizer. Inorganic nitrogen in chemical fertilizers can increase the mineralization rate of organic nitrogen ; organic nitrogen can increase the biological immobilization rate of inorganic nitrogen. Organic fertilizer is that the support, that increase with the fertilizer. Therefore, the combination of the two is conducive to high yield and stable yield of fruit trees, especially the combined application of phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer, which can improve fertilizer efficiency. The soil fertilized fertilizer has two characteristics: First, a small mobility in soil, which moves within a multi-radius O.5 ~ 1 cm; the second is likely to be the divalent cations in the soil fixed. This has caused difficulties in the absorption and utilization of crops and reduced fertilizer efficiency. Combined with organic fertilizer, it reduces the contact surface between phosphate fertilizer and soil , and organic acids help to improve the effectiveness of calcium, magnesium and phosphate fertilizers. Therefore, it is better to mix phosphorus and potassium fertilizer with high-quality compost and compost ; if it can be stacked first and then applied, the effect is better.
　　 7. Formulated for fertilization. According to the characteristics of nutrient content in the soil and the demand for nutrients in the fruit trees, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied in a certain proportion, which is formula fertilization. With the development of the fertilizer industry , compound fertilizers and compound fertilizers have been introduced to facilitate the use of fertilizers.
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